Probable Turtle (Woodbridge CT)

Other views by clicking the arrows in the photostream here:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/34580529@N04/21640024469/in/photostream/

Suddenly I realized that the last time I was there,

 this photo was taken right by this same spot:

Quartz, Oval Scaper

From North River, Marshfield

Rock Features of the Upper Klamath Basin (2018 Thesis)

An Integrated Approach to Identification 

By Roman Jakien

Central Washington University, romansjakien@gmail.com

“Obtaining power through features on the landscape and stacking rocks were prominent aspects of their traditional religious practice (Deur 2016; Haynal 2000; Ray 1963; Spier 1930; Theodoratus et al. 1990). Deur (2016:36) notes that in Klamath and Modoc oral tradition, the act of stacking rocks during the vision quest is “attributed to the very beginnings of human time, and is rooted in the instruction of the Creator, Gmukamps.” Ray (1963:xiii) noted that the two tribes not only created “artificial rock piles for religious and commemorative purposes” but also “attributed mythological significance” to naturally occurring rock piles…It has been written that certain rock feature types, like “rock stacks” and “prayer seats” are sometimes positioned at specific geographic locations that align them with distant landscape features such as mountains, lakes, and rivers (Jankowski 2012). Deur (2016:52) suggests that ritual rock features are sometimes aligned with distant landmarks so that prayers can be focused towards those places, or powers obtained from those landmarks. He also suggests that some landmarks have stories or moral lessons associated with them that can be incorporated into ritual activity or prayer. The importance of visualizing a distant landmark for certain ceremonial purposes explains why many vision quest sites are found at higher elevations with open viewsheds (Applen 2001; Jones 2003)… 

Deur (2016:56-57) states that the “practice of ritual rock stacking is said to have skipped a generation in many families” due to the assimilation policies and tribal termination, but that there has been a “reawakening in recent decades.” Information gleaned through recent ethnographic studies indicate the practice of constructing rock features in traditional Klamath and Modoc lands continues by current Klamath tribal members, even with the conversion of many to Christianity or secular belief systems (Deur 2016; Haynal 1994, 2000)…”

Jakien, Roman, "Rock Features of the Upper Klamath Basin: An Integrated Approach to Identification" (2018). All Master's Theses. 892. 

https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/892

https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1873&context=etd

A few artifacts from Plymouth, MA

Some eclectic finds, from a town with a sense of the past. A special place for Americans. What I never realized about Plymouth before is that it was as very hospitable place, with a welcoming topography. 

The most recent prehistory of the town is oriented towards the Wampanoag. These items suggest a deeper past.

A closeup:

Large Rock Pile with Enclosure, from PA

[From Norman Muller]

Going through some old photos, I came upon this image of a large cairn supposedly somewhere in Berks or Bucks Co., PA.  What I found interesting was the stone enclosure at one end.  That reminded me of an enclosure I had photographed in Westkill, NY ages ago (0097).  And then I remembered another small enclosure at one end of a large cairn, also in Westkill.  The enclosures look like sacred spaces, perhaps to leave offerings.

Prehistoric Monumental Archaeology of the Southeastern United States

Mar 6, 2021

Archaeologists have been studying the monumental earthworks in the eastern woodlands since Thomas Jefferson first tasked a few of his slaves with excavating one in order to determine if they were built by Native Americans or not. Here I very briefly review what we know about the process of monumentality in the Southeast over the course of 6000 years . 

https://youtu.be/wGJIoll9zQ0

Lithic Analysis of Nevada Stone tools

A series discussing some of the details of the stone tools I brought back from Nevada [not rock pile-related. ]

Nashobah Praying Indian Book Signing & Open House

Sunday April 23, 1:00 pm – 3:00 pm, Littleton Historical Society, 4 Rogers Street, Littleton, MA

History of the Nashobah Praying Indians: Doings, Sufferings, Tragedy, and Triumph 

Please join Strong Bear Medicine and Quiet Storm of the Nashobah Praying Indians at the Littleton Historical Society building on Sunday April 23 for an open house celebration of the newly released book: History of the Nashobah Praying Indians.  Meet and mingle with Strong Bear and Quiet Storm, and author, Littleton historian Daniel V. Boudillion. Have your books signed, partake of refreshments, and enjoy Native music.

Another glass "arrowhead"

This is the third piece of glass I picked up since last fall because of the signs of deliberate flaking. I have a very hard time believing anyone would make a working edge out of a piece of glass but the signs of deliberate, organized, serration along the edge are unmistakable. (Although hard to photo.)

I find it beautiful in its own way.

I still can't get over how poor you would need to be to not be able to buy a knife. 

From what I can see, this was happening a lot in southern MA and RI. It re-enforces the idea, applicable to rock piles, that the ancient dissolves into the modern. Less poetically, Native Americans in southern New England (and probably other places) retained some traditional technologies long after you would expect.

Hunting blinds

 (27) Google Earth led me to an amazing discovery in the desert - YouTube

Slate arrowhead, from below tide line at a river mouth

Crystal arrowheads from Spain

Awfully nice:

The Prehistoric weapons made from crystal | HeritageDaily - Archaeology News 

Stonehenge is not a calendar?

The 'Stonehenge calendar' shown to be a modern construct (phys.org)

(The precision of archaeo-astronomy is a two-edged sword.)

Manitoba Petroglyphs

 (via Tommy Hudson)

Thought you might find this interesting. Circles, turtle, snake, etc.

https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/pubs/parks-protected-spaces/park_info/whiteshell_petro.pdf

Another Sippewissett Rock Pile Site (Falmouth, MA)

 A small site, where the crosshair appears on this map

Or, in the blue outline

This is a small conservation land, a bit hard to get to. I walked there from behind the Chappaquoit Bar and Grill. 

Here, a small neck of land is divided by a stone wall running north-south along its midline. A strange place for a wall but there were signs of boulder quarrying and other, presumably modern, activities. On the east side of this wall, were cedar trees - growing back into what had been an open field. But on the west side of the wall was a tangle of brambles and boulders. Sure enough, following the trail brought us past a rock pile:

I would not have thought an isolated pile was worth recording but, soon enough, some other minor structures appeared in the bushes.

This looks like a small ceremonial. Or it is just a damaged pile. 

Here is the prospect:

There were several rock-on-rocks. 

People wondering what defines a Ceremonial Stone Landscape. It should be clear with such a cluster of small "pointless" piles, all in one spot. 

Is this research?

Experiencing a NEARA Research Trip to A Stone Site in Maine - YouTube

Dear friends: why are you stripping a pile and digging around it like this? (See around 35 minutes in.) Tell me: what was learned by this exercise? 

BLM contact sought

Does any reader have any contacts in the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)?

Desert Kites - latest info

 [Not US related]

Spirituality "entangled" with practicality:

Uncovering the ritual past of an ancient stone monument in Saudi Arabia (phys.org)

Standing with Stones (British Stone Sites)

[via Norman Muller]

I came across an excellent documentary on Youtube: "Standing with Stones: An Epic Journey through Prehistoric Britain and Ireland."  The documentary is 2.25 hrs. long, but the story is so fascinating, the photography superb and the commentary by Rupert Soskin intelligent and spot on, that the two plus hours go by quickly.  Soskin is part of a group called "The Prehistoric Guys," and they have produced a number of films/documentaries under that heading.

Talking about stone tools using European terminology

I wish I felt it was possible to have an open discussion of stone tools, without having to justify their existence to people who don't recognize organized flaking, or to justify the ideas in terms of conventional US archeological timelines and vocabulary. I would like to simply look at the data available - the tools themselves.

My problem is mostly that I cannot find referents to some of these items using US terminology. If I say something looks "Solutrean" or [worse] "Mousterian", then this is open to a certain reasonable ridicule. In any case I have no basis for assigning age or chronology to any of the tools I've been posting. I may want to use the phrase "pseudo-Mousterian", or some such, to get around the prohibition against such concepts being applied in America. 

Here at home with only rocks to look at, it is surprising how many details emerge from inspecting their edges and surfaces. I can't help thinking things look old.

The pseudo-Oldowan

Awfully primitive:

I do not want to ignore it but do not want to collect it.

From the caprock east of upper Arrow Canyon, NV [see here]

Bladelets

Still processing the items I brought back from Nevada. They must have made these things all over the world. :

Have to look hard to find examples online. Just sayin' ...  (C:) 

I have been trying to figure out how to use the word "Mousterian" without getting in trouble.

Great Basin Crescent

According to this website (and others)

"He was able to identify the curious piece as a “Great Basin crescent.” Joe told me they were extremely rare and are found only where the water level of ancient Lake Lahontan was between 7,000 and 9,000 years ago."

"Recovery of the Primal Mind"

I find this nicely expressed [from here] :

Most researchers on hominid evolution, looking back into deep time, ask what function or use an object would have served archaic communities in their struggle to survive. However, as previously noted, this utilitarian assumption is questionable. An alternative assumption is that the deep past may not have been like the present, dominated by the overtly utilitarian values that have always existed but have become dominant in modern Western civilization. I suggest that early humans possessed a sense of the sacred; that they were soulful people with hearts and minds who loved—and also presumably feared—the Earth on which their lives depended, and within which their lives were deeply embedded. These are essential attributes and qualities that make us human yet remain beyond the grasp of science where the question of “soul” and “the sacred” was driven out ...

Nolumbeka Project - Events

The Nolumbeka Project is co-sponsoring and/or participating in the March offerings listed on the EVENTS page of our website. We will have more announcements as the months progress. Meanwhile, please mark your calendars for May 20 for the Day of Remembrance and August 5-6 for the Pocumtuck Homelands Festival.

Upper Arrow Canyon, north of Las Vegas NV

Attracted by the name, I have tried a couple times to get into Arrow Canyon. This time I was careful to find the correct dirt road, taking me down into the canyon. Google street view of NV168 was helpful, cuz those dirt roads all look similar at their beginnings. I drove till it got too muddy, parked, and then started edging along the sides of the canyon, as I got deeper into it. There was an old stone house - no roof - near the beginning of the canyon, then some wild gourds or melons ...

... , then gravel slopes tumbling off the caprock, then some Ogham scratched in the Canyon wall, then a stone chamber, then a solid dam across the canyon. My guess is this dam was to prevent flash flooding downstream. Anyway, the dam was a barrier. There was a helpful rope for people to climb but that is not my idea of fun. It was getting late, so I turned back at the dam.

Here is a view of the dam and the, still unseen, deeper valley:

Anyway, the first gravel slope (a "talus slope") had some chalcedony ("cal-sed-ny") flakes and that was about the only arrowhead-hunting encouragement I got. (Well, I should mention this:)

So, I am walking down the left (east) edge of the valley. At the first talus slope, spilling into the valley from the left, I see an opportunity to get up to the cap rock (about 100 feet up) and I scrambled up there, one slow step at a time. Getting up to the cap rock, I walked out to a little peninsula, then started getting dizzy and had to back off. But one notices this little line of rocks and rock piles:

If you are familiar with alignments, you may spot this. Most people would just see rocks. 

While on the subject of spotting out-of-place rocks, this stopped me as I exited the canyon by car:

You see: there are a few too many rocks of the same size, propped up a bit too non-randomly. I got out and looked at them, They formed lines - sometimes lines that crossed at a single rock. All the lines pointed off somewhere towards the southeast - including the ones from earlier, up on top of the mesa.

So that was the NEARA trifecta: stone chambers, manitou stones, and alignments. As a nod towards NEARA's epigraphic roots in ESRA, we got a bonus feature: some Ogham (Oggam) writing. It is so amusing because - yeah -  I see the mystery but I have no skin in the game. I'll leave you with this:

A small hill at the edge of a glacial lake, at the south end of the Las Vegas Range

Let me tell you my story about going to Nevada. It is not rock pile related although, in truth, there were rock piles on top of each of the only three prominences I got to. No, I went to find arrowheads. I didn't find any but I did see an awful lot of thought provoking archeology. I am sure the place I visited is not particularly special and there must be many, many places like this. But in some ways it was special and, at the end of this story, I will show why I believe this may be one of the more densely occupied sites in the valley. It is called "Hidden Valley" and is just north of Las Vegas on I15, on NV93.

For the last three or more years of the Covid pandemic, I have been sitting at home dreaming about visiting the southwest desert. And looking at maps and pictures. For a long time I was looking at cheap real estate pictures from near Saint Johns, AZ but no one in my family seemed very warm to the idea of buying land there. Then, more recently, I became crazed about finding arrowheads. So I was watching YouTube's about people finding long stemmed points around glacial lakes in the Great Basin - and I thought maybe I could give it a try.  

One video was about excavating Haskett points in Great Salt Lake and it said that the best place to look for archeology was where fresh water entered the lake, when the climate was beginning to dry out after the ice age. It also gave clues as to what the old water courses would have looked like in satellite images. So I am looking at satellite images and topo maps and locating the glacial lakes near Las Vegas. One problem that suggested itself, is that many of the lakeshores from the late ice age appear to be completely buried under a deep outwash from the adjacent hills (called the "bajada", according to my friend Dave). It occurred to me that small hills at the edge of the lakeshore, even if surrounded by the bajada, might retain original surface and not be covered with silt. So I spotted something on the topo map that looked just right: near Las Vegas, edge of glacial lake, small hill within the lake AND not in a National Park where it could be illegal to pick up even "just a rock" items. I thought I was being quite clever to spot this place and plan to visit:

You may have to click in to see it but the crosshair is along NV93 at a place where a dirt road heads west for a couple of kilometers, where it stops at the back side of a small hill that met all my criteria. 

So I planned a trip out there and finally arrived. This is the drive, the next day in passing the place:

I tried to drive in on the indicated dirt road but came to a washout. Don't get me started on the experience of 4WD and dirt roads. It is not my idea of fun but I had rented a Toyota Highlander - a fine vehicle - and took no chances. I walked in the final 1/4 mile.

You can hear a bit of wistfulness in my voice here. I went through a lot to get to this spot - now what? I have come a long way to take a chance on this place and am a bit scared of the desert. You have to force yourself to get out.

In the second half of the video, I am looking at the scatter of flakes and debitage on the ground. It was really only when I got back home when I realized this ground could not have been underwater when people broke rocks here. Which is one of many different factors contributing to my overall confusion about the date of the site(s) on this hill and its flat surroundings. I spent two days exploring this hill in the desert, wishing I could find a glacial lakeshore. And that is exactly where I was the whole time!

I saw lots of nice pieces of broken rock and collected a few stone tools. I'll do them more justice later. Here is the most exiting thing I found. 

The idea that I might find something like this - unbroken - has me wanting to go back and try again. Even half a day of exploring exhausts the neurons and you can see why - a very intense 'needle in a haystack' situation. Maybe next year. 

So I walked around for one day. The next day I went north, then east on NV168 to a dirt road into Arrow Canyon. This was a different kind of place and perhaps of more interest to NEARA members than to arrowhead hunters. Some of the archeology up on the cap rock there seemed stunningly old, compared to everything else I have seen. More later on that.

The third day, I had company from my friend Dave. We tried the little hill on the east side of NV93 and then spent most of the day back at the little hill. I did not find any more nice suggestive blades but we had a lovely chat. 

The trips out and the trip back were exhausting. I got home, unpacked my finds, took a shower and went right to bed. Two days later I am still hydrating, napping, and thinking about it all. The worst moment on the way back was when the lady in front of me went through security and had to have her bag searched. She was asked: "Is there anything sharp in your bag?". When I heard that, I started thinking about the stone axes I had in each coat pocket. I was not going to let them take those away at the airport! I put on a cheerful face and they overlooked the possibility of sharp objects in a coat pocket. 

I should mention that the bedrock here, north of Las Vegas, is volcanic [or marine?]; with layers of ash and nodules of chert. Sometimes the chert is in complete layers with colors ranging brown to reddish. Exposed to the air, it becomes increasingly black with desert varnish. There is a an earlier post about the material. What turned out to be quite lucky was that the little hill I picked from here in Massachusetts, happened to be made of one of the chert layers. Now that I am back in Massachusetts I am realizing that the hill itself was a good source of material for making stone tools. 

I was thinking some more about those patches of chert debitage, black from desert varnish. And it occurred to me that perhaps they might be visible in the satellite images. They are (and here I am going to tell you one key to unlocking desert archeology. If you've read this far, then you deserve to know this:) You can see every site in the entire valley by spotting the darker patches of lithic debris in the satellite images. What do you know?! My little hill has the darkest patch of all. But I can see some other places that have concentrations. 

Here, then, are some things we can learn.

The hill is shown from above as a darker brown oblong running from south-southeast to north-northwest. It is a chert outcrop. There is a stone 'U' and a rock piles on the southern and northern summits. Let's notice the game trails from left to right. These cross the hill at a slight saddle between its summits. I was thinking: why would an animal not go around this hill? [Stubbornly it insists on going straight towards whatever destination it has in mind but - poor animal - when it crosses the hill, going downwind, it is likely to encounter hunters on the downwind side.] Look how the hunters have left a black crescent of debitage around the southern foot of the hill. Look how they left concentrations just next to the game trail outlet. This is fascinating: the debitage is a heat map. It is a guide to the whole valley. 

Now I am at home, looking at my finds. It was a very stimulating trip. I wish I had some graduate students to help with some of the obvious experiments. There were many different tool types and even differences in how little micro-blades were retouched or not, before use. I would think equating desert varnish color could be calibrated to OSL dates and that rather than the different styles and ages and locations forming an entire cacophony [what I am calling it] that, instead, we could start teasing it apart. Meanwhile, I keep thinking about butchering a camel.

If you want to hear me get carried away with the subject of lithic analysis, see here.

Maybe the Nevada Desert is like the Sahara

Saharan 'carpet of tools' is earliest known man-made landscape (phys.org)

These lucky fellows got the chance to count stone tool debitage and found an average of 75 modified fragments per square meter. I think that quantity could be matched pretty easily in some places in Nevada.

This lucky guy (me) didn't count flakes but each little piece of black rock here is a bit of chert from the nearby small hill:

I did not look carefully until I sat down to talk on the phone. And while I am on the subject, can you imagine spotting a small arrowhead made of the same material - in this cacophony!

Beautiful flaking on an old stone tool from Nevada

This was from the same small hill I started with on Saturday. Of the several items I picked up, this one was as nicely flaked as that blade I posted a few days ago.

This is a chunky item, that does not appear to be broken. I need to look more for use wear.

I find this flaking just gorgeous.

Stone Chamber in Arrow Canyon (Irish monks in Nevada - just kidding)

The following is slightly tongue-in-cheek:

But wait! It get's worse:

Later, I'll show you a manitou stone and a couple of alignments - completing the NEARA trifecta. It is as if, someone made their way into Arrow Canyon and decided to fake the presence of early Europeans. It does make me wonder about the local Natives.

My little hill north of Las Vegas - the ground cover and geology

Unfortunately, I am posting in reverse order. So I have already been writing about this place. Here is a one little "instructional video".

It took a while to conclude that the black shiny material is volcanic [nah! it is marine], and a bit like obsidian. It is a bit more crystalline and, actually, reddish underneath the dark brown desert varnish. The darker, the older - a convenient chronological metric. I found it was in layers between the gray "garbage" material. These must, in turn, be volcanic ash. It took a while to realize both soft and hard materials are layered together in the bedrock. I wish I photo'd one of the sandwiches of material. Here is a cliff of it:

Perhaps a geologist could tell me if nodules of "chert" can accrete inside volcanic ash.

Update: Apparently yes, and in sedimentary layers too. So chert it is.

Update 2: I cannot be sure it is volcanic. It could be an old ocean bed. 

A little low hill north of Vegas. For fun, let's call it "Peter's Hill"

I was actually looking for stone tools (see previous post) but found rock piles anyway. I thought this hill would be a good place for early people to be looking out over a glacial lake to the south. Half the hill was some kind of  "obsidian" and more on that later. This may be a place with very deep history and no single timeframe in which to interpret everything. I believe the term is "multi-component" - which is a snarky way of saying the archeological categories are meaningful in a place that has seen continuous occupation because of desirable properties. As if the people who lived there either fit into the categories or were 'transitional' between them. It would be simpler just to talk about the place.

[Update: After visiting the hill and doing a lot of examining of the stone tools, I admit that the above is wrong. There can be very distinct phases of people, clearly culturally different from each other. There can be a great depth of time over which "component" differences are quite meaningful. In other words: no, it was not necessarily a continuum of cultures. In that case, teasing apart some of the technology differences can be quite fun.]

As I climbed this hill, I noticed it had a lower 'bump' to the south and a higher 'bump' to the north. At the top of the lower bump I noticed this little 'U' structure [we are facing west]:

Is this an old fireplace (in the worst possible position for being out of the wind) or a prayer seat facing north or a who knows what? [It is faintly possible it is what is left of a small hunter's blind. A game trail passes, a few feet away.]

Continuing up the hill to the higher bump, I noticed this rock pile [we are facing northeast]:

Now don't tell me that is a fireplace! No, it's a rock pile. I am pretty sure I have seen similar ones on top of other bumps in the southwest. Anyway, the 'U' on the lower bump was not visible from this spot - you could not see the rock pile uphill from the lower 'U'.

Exploring the desert. Appetizer - a flaked stone tool

Who can resists nice stone flaking?

Pretty easy to miss:

"The Hidden Path to the Turtle" (VT)

 Indigenous Causeway to a Wetland Garden??

Mysterious Mountains  Nov 4, 2022

(I added some Turtles to the Capture from the Video - Tim)

“A buried stone pathway ends at a boggy mountain bowl with a possible turtle effigy.”

https://youtu.be/rcw3qdv5NCI

There's a whole lot more here that I will soon be watching: 

https://www.youtube.com/@mysteriousmountains

Requesting Content

This is a sort of "shot across the bows" for the future of this blog. Repeat readers will have noticed a general slowing down of postings, an increased number of non-rock pile related and non-original articles. I am no longer living in Middlesex and there are not that many opportunities, being on a glacial outwash landscape. There is no mistaking that one of us (me or this blog) is getting old. 

I am going to go on posting what I can but it would be nice if readers kicked in a bit of content from their end. I know you are out walking in the woods. Send some photos, so we can share your journeys, as my journeys get fewer and farther in between.

Norwegian Island Gathering Spot

I like this sort of article:

The perfect spot for gatherings for 10,000 years | The Independent Barents Observer (thebarentsobserver.com)

Rock pile enthusiasts may enjoy something in the second from last photo. I am thinking the researchers did not notice it.

Faye Rd Rock Pile

Seen next to Faye Rd, Woods Hole, an isolated rock pile:

Not much to see [Frankly, I took the above picture yesterday and cannot see the pile in the picture, today.]

Usually you should not trust a solitary rock pile as being ceremonial. In this place, with a road and a railroad track (not shown) cutting through the little valley that was once there, I expect there might have been a few other piles in this place. There might still be some left but I did not go scramping around - the car engine was still running, my wife was waiting, and it was a narrow road.

The lost berm of Lake Wachusett

I "lost" the reference. Just stumbled on it here.